For four observations 1, 0, 1, 4, the measure of kurtosis equals
To remove quadratic trend from an additive time series, differencing :
For two equally likely, exhaustive and independent events A and B, P(A ∩ B) is :
In a multiplicative time series model, the seasonal indices computed by the ratiototrend method
Following histogram shows certain frequency distribution against class intervals.
Fill up the blank: The secular trend is the part of time points where more or less regular and _______ is observed showing either the tendency of growth or decline.